Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

Figure Lengend Snippet: M2-exo@HI promotes in vitro microglia polarization, BBB repair and neuroprotection. (a) Flow cytometry analysis of M1-type (CD86 + ) and M2-type microglia (CD163 + ) following treatment with different formulations. (b,c) Percentages of CD86 + and CD163 + microglia populations (n = 3). (d–g) The cytokine levels of IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-1β in treated microglia (n = 3). (h) Fluorescence microscopy images showing erythrophagocytosis by microglia across treatment groups. (i) Schematic of the in vitro BBB model assessing FITC-dextran permeability using a transwell assay. (j) Quantitative analysis of FITC-dextran penetration (n = 7). (k) Flow cytometry analysis of neuronal apoptosis across treatments (n = 3). (l) Quantitative analysis of neuronal apoptosis (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was tested by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test.

Article Snippet: ELISA kits included mouse TNF- α ELISA kit (Solarbio), mouse IL-10 ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse Hp ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse IL-1β ELISA kit (Solarbio), and TGF-β ELISA kit (Solarbio).

Techniques: In Vitro, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Permeability, Transwell Assay

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Targeting MDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of osteogenic differentiation and inflammatory cytokine expression

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101931

Figure Lengend Snippet: iMDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of bone formation and inflammatory cytokines. (A) Representative micro-CT images of distal femora (top) with three-dimensional reconstruction of the region of interest (bottom), with the blue indicating higher-density bone and the red indicating lower-density bone. (B – D) Statistical quantification of trabecular bone microstructural parameters (BMD, BV/TV, and Tb.Th). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (E) Representative images of trabecular bone area in distal femur sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Scale bar, 200 μm or 50 μm. (F) Quantitative analysis of the trabecular bone area of the distal femur stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (G) Immunohistochemical staining of OCN in distal femurs. Scale bar, 200 μm or 50 μm. (H) Quantitative analysis of OCN-positive area. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (I) Western blotting analysis of inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in mouse bone tissues. (J) Inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in mouse serum was detected by ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; “ns” indicates non-significant differences.

Article Snippet: We purchased the Mouse P1NP (Procollagen 1 N-Terminal Propeptide) ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0233), Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0044), Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m3063), and Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0037) from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Micro-CT, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Western Blot, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Targeting MDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of osteogenic differentiation and inflammatory cytokine expression

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101931

Figure Lengend Snippet: Recombinant MDK protein triggers the activation of inflammatory cytokines through the NF-κB signaling pathway. (A, B) IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1β expression levels were detected using Western blotting. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with recombinant MDK protein (600 ng/mL). Osteogenic differentiation was induced for 7 days. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (C, D) Western blotting analysis of NF-κB signaling pathway molecules in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with recombinant MDK protein for 7 days during osteoblastic differentiation. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (E, F) IL-6 and IL-1β expression levels were detected using Western blotting. MC3T3-E1 cells were pretreated with 10 μM BAY 11–7082. Osteogenic differentiation was induced for 7 days. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. ∗ p < 0.05 and ∗∗ p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: We purchased the Mouse P1NP (Procollagen 1 N-Terminal Propeptide) ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0233), Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0044), Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m3063), and Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0037) from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Recombinant, Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Targeting MDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of osteogenic differentiation and inflammatory cytokine expression

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101931

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of MDK alleviating bone loss. MDK is significantly elevated in the serum of postmenopausal osteoporotic women and ovariectomized mice. Due to estrogen deficiency, iMDK alleviates bone loss by promoting bone formation and inhibiting inflammatory factors. Recombinant MDK protein inhibits osteogenic differentiation through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and up-regulates inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β via the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Article Snippet: We purchased the Mouse P1NP (Procollagen 1 N-Terminal Propeptide) ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0233), Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0044), Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m3063), and Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0037) from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Recombinant